串联式混合动力拖拉机分动箱的设计与试验

设计的串联式混合动力分动箱由输入轴、中间轴、输出轴以及轴上齿轮和一对滑移齿轮组成。为减小分动箱体积,同时满足配套旋耕机较大耕深需求,在满足结构、强度、刚度等约束条件下,以分动箱总中心距和齿轮总体积最小为目标函数,建立了分动箱参数优化的数学模型。采用基于改进粒子群算法(PSO)的参数优化策略,优化结果表明,与基本粒子群算法相比,改进后的粒子群算法在收敛速度和收敛精度方面均有明显提高,改进后的齿轮总体积减小了2.9%,优化精度提高了1.5%。分动箱运动学仿真及试验结果表明,优化后的分动箱动力输出轴(PTO)动力性能符合要求,能够满足配套旋耕机的工作要求。     

水稻秧盘育秧制浆刀片匀浆过程分析及其优化设计

针对现阶段水稻秧盘育秧技术中制匀泥浆效率低下的问题,采用正交设计方法、计算流体动力学数值模拟和试验分析,对不同参数刀片在水田中匀浆作业时的匀浆效果和功率损耗进行研究。结果表明:1)单刀切削幅宽为影响泥浆运动速度和功率损耗的最大因素,折弯角影响不明显;2)当刀片滑切角为50°,折弯角为115°,单刀切削幅宽为60 mm时,刀片匀浆效果好;当滑切角为30°,折弯角为135°,单刀切削幅宽为20 mm时,功率损耗小;3)刀片中心面处和刀片折弯侧0.1 m处刀片打匀泥浆效果良好;4)功率损耗仿真值与试验值平均相对误差为12.16%,在可接受范围内。     

不同自然通风方式对日光温室性能的影响

为探究不同自然通风方式下日光温室室内环境因子的变化规律,提高日光温室自然通风效率,设计2种不同自然通风方式:后坡整体开窗式和后坡间隔开窗式。将分别采用后坡整体开窗式和后坡间隔开窗式通风方式的温室,依次记为G1、G2,并以传统顶通风式日光温室(G3)为对照,对上述3座采用不同自然通风方式的温室内部环境和作物生长状况进行了研究。结果表明:晴天白天,G1、G2的室内光照强度分别比G3提高了26.34%和10.16%,G1、G2、G3平均气温分别为33.7、33.8、34.8℃,平均相对湿度分别为47.15%、47.21%、44.03%,风速折减率分别为0.80、0.74、0.90;晴天13:00,G1、G2的植物冠层气温分布呈现南高北低,而G3的呈南低北高分布。G1、G2内的番茄产量分别比G3提高了19.54%、6.90%。综上,后坡整体开窗式表现最优。     

Effect of allele combinations at Ppd-1 loci on durum wheat grain filling at contrasting latitudes

Flowering time is the most critical developmental stage in wheat, as it determines environmental conditions during grain filling. Thirty-five spring durum genotypes carrying all known allele variants at Ppd-1 loci were evaluated in fully irrigated field experiments for three years at latitudes of 41°N (Spain), 27°N (northern Mexico) and 19°N (southern Mexico). Relationships between weight of central grains of main spikes (W) and thermal time from flowering to maturity were described by a logistic equation. Differences in flowering time between the allele combination causing the earliest (GS100/Ppd-B1a) and the latest (Ppd-A1b/Ppd-B1a) flowering were 7, 20 and 18 days in Spain, northern Mexico and southern Mexico, respectively. Flowering delay drastically reduced the mean grain filling rate (R) and W at all sites. At autumn-sowing sites, an increase of 1°C in mean temperature during the first half of the grain filling period decreased W by 5.2 mg per grain. At these sites, W was strongly dependent on R. At the spring-sowing site (southern Mexico), W depended on both R and grain filling duration. Our results suggest that incorporating the allele combinations GS100/Ppd-B1a and GS105/Ppd-B1a (alleles conferring photoperiod insensitivity) in newly released varieties can reduce the negative effects of climate change on grain filling at the studied latitudes.     

三连栋日光温室温度场分布及应用

针对冀中南地区冬季雾霾天气严重,日光温室不能充分发挥其应有的保温功能,设计建造了三连栋日光温室,为进一步验证其性能,应用MATLAB软件对三连栋日光温室进行二维温度场的拟合和图像绘制。结果表明：00:23三连栋日光温室的温度为8日>9日>10日;06:23为温室一天的最低温度,10日的06:23为3天最低温度;12:23为多云~阴的8日温室的最高温度,14:23为阴~晴的9日温室的最高温度,12:23—14:23为晴天的10日温室的最高温度,3天温室最高温均能达到30℃,16:23温度下降较快。多云~阴的8日、阴~晴的9日09:23—10:23依次从温室的北、中、南栋的上中部开始升温,16:23先从温室下部开始降温;晴天的10日09:23—10:23依次从温室的南、中、北栋开始升温,16:23依次从温室的北、中、南栋开始降温。在温室温度最低时或最高时,北栋北后侧中下部区域为温度的最高点或最低点。8—10日09:23与18:23(15~20℃)、08:23与20:23(10~15℃)温室温度各栋之间及各区域基本相同。同一天内温室地温中栋最高,地温白天北栋最低、夜间南栋最低;10日夜间南栋地温最低,最低地温13℃,白天中栋地温最高,最高地温22℃。光照强度9日<8日<10日。三连栋日光温室在2月中旬喜温果菜类即可定植,较单膜塑料大棚提早定植25~30天,同时又规避了冬季低温阴雪雾霾天气出现频次高的时段,三连栋日光温室优势明显。     

一种改进的双能量源电动汽车功率分配策略

以并联式双能量源(锂电池组&超级电容)纯电动汽车为研究对象,提出一种改进的功率分配策略。这种功率分配策略在模糊控制的基础上增加深度神经网络训练过程,以获得更精确的功率分配因子。通过整车模型构建、功率分配模型构建、功率分配策略制定、仿真验证结果分析后得出结论:与电量消耗功率分配策略相比,这种改进的功率分配策略能优化锂电池组和超级电容二者之间的功率分流,限制锂电池组充放电的峰值电流,延长复合储能系统的工作寿命,提升动力系统的工作效率。     

Rhynchosporium leaf scald disease incidence: seed source and spatial pattern

A programme of field trials for the study of the winter barley–Rhynchosporium commune pathosystem is reported. The associated seedborne disease rhynchosporium leaf scald is regarded as having an important impact on barley yields. The analysis in this study relates to the impact of the seed source (commercial or farm-saved seed) on disease incidence and to the spatial pattern of rhynchosporium leaf scald disease incidence. Disease incidence data were calculated from field data recorded as disease severity. Mean disease incidence was higher in the crops grown from farm-saved seed than in those grown from commercial seed, although great agronomic significance cannot be attached to this result. The spatial pattern of rhynchosporium leaf scald disease incidence was characterized in terms of the binary power law (BPL) and was indicative of an aggregated pattern. Programme-wide BPL results were described using a novel phytopathological application of a random coefficients model. These results have application in field sampling for rhynchosporium leaf scald disease.     

菏泽市樱桃番茄日光温室栽培关键技术

为了充分发挥樱桃番茄观赏性强、营养价值高、菜果兼宜且经济效益突出的特点,满足广大消费者和种植户的热切需求,积极开展新品种选育、深入研究高效栽培管理技术具有重要的现实意义。在栽培面积不断增加、产量及品质出现瓶颈的情况下,对菏泽市多个樱桃番茄大棚种植园进行了实地调研,从品种选择、播种、培育壮苗、定植、田间管理、病虫害防治、果实采收等方面归纳总结出了菏泽市樱桃番茄日光温室栽培关键技术,以期为当地种植户实现促产增收提供依据。     

高产条件下日光温室越冬茬黄瓜适宜滴灌量研究

为了明确京郊日光温室越冬茬黄瓜高产栽培所需的适宜滴灌量,以黄瓜"津优35"为试材,研究了不同滴灌量对黄瓜灌溉水分配、产量、品质、水分利用效率和经济效益的影响。结果表明:85%农户常规灌溉量处理较对照节水50.8 mm,深层渗漏量减少42.6%,黄瓜产量提高3.6 t/hm~2,可溶性糖含量提高17.3%,硝酸盐含量降低5.0 mg/kg,果实品质提高;水分利用效率提高3.61 kg/m~3,增收1.42万元/hm~2。综合来看,85%农户常规灌溉量处理是京郊日光温室越冬茬黄瓜适宜滴灌量,全生育期灌溉总量为327.9 mm,其中苗期41.7 mm,初瓜期43.1 mm,结果期243.1 mm,当埋深20 cm的土壤张力计读数为-21.6 kPa时需进行灌溉。     

Potential application of baited remote underwater video to survey abundance of west coast rock lobster Jasus lalandii

The first assessment of the baited remote underwater video system (BRUVs) for monitoring rock lobster Jasus lalandii (Milne‐Edwards) in South Africa was compared to annual ring net and trap survey data. Count data from 58 BRUVs, 36 ring net and 95 trap samples were fitted with generalised additive models using depth, habitat, time and spatial gradient as independent variables. A power analysis was used to determine the number of samples needed per annum to detect a 5 and 10% increase and decrease in population size. The BRUVs outperformed the nets and traps in terms of sampling effort and were better at detecting changes in abundance of lobster than abundance of three fish species. Considering factors such as cost, analysis time, additional data and environmental impact, traps are the most feasible method in deeper waters but BRUVs could replace nets and traps in depths less than 60 m, low‐density areas and marine reserves.